3rd July 2017
Grenfell Tower: the deadly consequences of underfunding of council housing
By Martin Wicks
Kensington & Chelsea Council documents confirm reports in the media that Leadbitter was “the proposed contractor” for the work on Grenfell Tower. It gave a
price of £11.278 million1
. However this was £1.6 million above the council’s proposed budget. So they put it out to tender again.
A council update on the Grenfell Tower
work read:
“The refurbishment of Grenfell Tower is a large and complex project and time and careful
planning has been required to ensure that the proposals and design of the scheme meet
the requirements of residents, RBKC and Planners. Particular focus has been required to
ensure that the project representing value for money and can be successfully delivered to
the satisfaction of residents.”
“Value for money”, of course, in the context of cash strapped councils often means shortcuts,
cheap and shoddy work. In this case the question is posed, did this “value for money” decision lead to the deaths of Grenfell Tower residents? The contract went to
Rydon for £8.77 million, 22% less than Leadbitter’s tender.
The type of cladding fitted to Grenfell Tower is banned in Germany and the USA for tall
buildings. It has been reported that the cost of a more expensive ‘flame retardant’ cladding
would have been somewhere in the region of an extra £5,000. Omnis Exteriors told the
Telegraph that it had been asked to supply the cheaper cladding to installer Harley
Facades, which Rydon contracted to do the work for them.
That the use of any combustible material in cladding is allowed is extraordinary. Part B of
the Building Regulations states that “the external envelope of a building should not provide
a medium for fire spread…The use of combustible materials in the cladding system and
extensive cavities may present such a risk in tall buildings.” BUT it only says that any
insulation product should be of “limited combustibility”. Why it appears to be legal to use
combustible materials is a question which will have to be answered. Why isn’t the use of
noncombustible material obligatory? As long ago as 1999 the House of Commons
Environment, Transport & Regional Affairs Committee produced a report, Potential risks of
fire spread of buildings via external cladding. It said:
“We believe that all external cladding should be required to be entirely noncombustible, or
to be proven through fullscale testing not to pose an unacceptable level of risk in terms of
fire spread.”
This and similar recommendations afterwards were simply ignored.
Underfunding of council housing
In the context of austerity and the reduction of local authority budgets “value for money” is driven not by the quality of work done but by shrinking funding. What has yet to come to
public attention is the question of the extent to which the underfunding of council
housing contributed to this lifedestroying costcutting exercise. What is particular about council housing
is that it is not funded by central government.
(“An Update on Grenfell Tower Improvement Works and the recent power surges” July 16 2013 Kensington &
Chelsea Housing & Property Scrutiny Committee.)
Each local authority which maintains ownership of council housing stock has a separate account,
the Housing Revenue Account. More than 90% of HRA income comes from the rent and service charges which tenants (and leaseholders) pay. Since HRAs have no subsidy the
maintenance and renewal of housing stock which councils are able to carry out is entirely
dependent on how much rent councils take in. Any decline in rental income results in
councils having to cut back on the work they can do on their properties. All stock owning
local authorities have less income than they planned for as a result of government policies.
Moreover, as a result of central government instructing them to cut rents by 1% a year for
years, they now face an absolute decline in their income at a time when inflation is
increasing. Building work inflation is usually higher.
In 2012 a new council housing finance system, ‘self-financing’, was introduced. The new
system had been designed by New Labour just before the 2010 election but was
introduced by the coalition government. The centralised council housing finance system
was ended. What was nominally national housing debt was redistributed amongst all the
stock owning councils. A large majority of councils were loaded up with over £13 billion
additional ‘debt’, whilst a smaller number had their debt reduced by £5 billion. The £8
billion difference was pocketed by the Treasury.
In order to pay off this ‘debt’ local authorities were given a ‘loan’ by the Public Works
Loan Board (PWLB) equivalent to the amount of extra ‘debt’ imposed on them. Councils
are also charged an annual interest rate for the ‘loan’. The PWLB is an agency of the
Treasury. Of course, in reality there was no money involved. It was an accountancy
exercise between the Treasury and the PWLB.
Under the new system council HRAs were better off than previously because what was
called the ‘negative subsidy’ system was ended. A large majority of councils suffered
‘negative subsidy’ whereby they had to hand over part of their rental income to the
Treasury each year. Under ‘self-financing’ the debt and interest on the ‘loans’ from the
PWLB eats up a large part of their income. In 201516, according to the Local Government
Statistics for England, local authorities paid £2.143 billion in debt charges and interest
payable. This was 27% of expenditure and 25% of their total income. Only 34% of their
income was spent on repairs and renewal of housing components.
Kensington and Chelsea council was given an extra £24.960 million debt, a relatively low
amount compared to many councils. It had what was supposedly ‘historic debt’ (associated
with borrowing to build homes in the past) of £185.204 million, giving it a total debt of
£210.164 million. In 2016-17 its HRA paid interest on borrowing of £9.921 million, nearly
17% of its income of £58.692 million . On top of this it paid the Tenant and Management
Organisation £10.825 million which was responsible for managing the work on Grenfell
Tower.
When ‘self-financing’ was introduced councils were told by the government that the ‘debt
settlement’ would enable them to have sufficient income to maintain their stock over 30
years. This was highly questionable. Tenant organisations, the House of Commons
Council Housing Group, and even the Local Government Association called for the writingoff
of the so called debt because in reality tenants had paid more in rent than the cost of
the actual borrowing for the building of housing stock. But the demand was rejected both
by New Labour’s Housing Minister John Healey, and by the coalition.
Individual tenants are subsidised if they receive housing benefit which covers all or part of their rent.
The Housing Revenue Account, however, receives no government support, with the exception of some
support for ‘supported housing’ for people with disabilities
No sooner had the system been introduced than the coalition government undermined
the ‘business plans’ of councils with a series of measures which significantly reduced their
planned for rental income. These changes included:
● The introduction of a new rent policy such that councils had to put their rent up by
CPI+1%, less than the previous formula which was based on RPI;
● An increased discount for RTB which led to a fourfold increase in sales. This meant
that councils were losing far more rent than planned for. Each home sold is future
rent lost ;
● The abandonment of the commitment to 10 years of rent increases of CPI+1% and
the introduction of a 1% rent cut for each of four years.
These measures alone mean that councils are losing billions of pounds of income over the
lifetime of their 30 year business plans. I don’t have a figure for Kensington, but in the case
of Swindon the council will collect an estimated £365 million less rent than built into their
projections. This is before the policies in the Housing & Planning Act are taken account of.
The Act included the imposition of enforced sale of ‘higher value’ homes (to pay for the extension of ‘right to buy’ to housing associations) which would cut the rental stream
further. As a result there would be lower surpluses available to maintain housing stock.
The decline of rental income was undoubtedly one of the factors in the pressure to
spend as little as possible on work like that on the Grenfell Tower.£87 million shortfall over 5 years
At a meeting of the Housing and Property Scrutiny Committee of Kensington Council in
March of this year, just weeks before the Grenfell disaster, the Housing Director gave a
report of the finances of the HRA. She explained that the financial outlook would be
“significantly affected” by a number of policy announcements over the last 18 months.
Such was the impact of government policies that there was a shortfall of resources for
capital spending (renewal of key components of the properties) of £87 million over the
next five years alone. The level of investment required for the stock is estimated at £146.1
million (including backlog work of £53 million) but the council only has £59 million
available.
The Director said:
“This level of investment will have a negative impact on the likely level of residents
satisfaction with the service. In the short term it is anticipated that reduced level of
investment will enable the delivery of the (Kensington Housing) standard that will meet the
health and safety requirements for the stock and keep it weatherproof. However, there will
be an increasing challenge to meet the requirements in the medium and long term.”
This “increasing challenge” is diplomatic language for insufficient funds to maintain the
stock. Clearly Kensington council’s HRA has insufficient resources to maintain the
condition of its stock and will be forced to spread reduced income more thinly. In this
context it is very easy for a “value for money” rationale to lead to work which is cheap and
shoddy and may have implications for the safety of the tenants.
One of the questions which will have to be answered relates to the difference between
The receipts for sales will have to be handed over to government to compensate housing
associations for the difference between the sale price of their homes and the market price.
the price quoted by Leadbitter and that by Rydon for the Grenfell Tower works. Was there a
difference between the components proposed, such as the type of cladding? Was the
council aware that Rydon was using more flammable form of cladding? Or did it insist on
its use? There are other questions relating to health and safety which I will deal with
separately. But what is indisputable is that the underfunding of HRAs creates a a financial
crisis in which decisions on funding of work such as that at Grenfell Tower are made. Not a
single council which owns housing stock has sufficient funds to maintain them to a decent
standard.
Reopen the ‘debt settlement’ – cancel the ‘debt’
As a result of this council housing funding crisis and its impact on Swindon Swindon
Tenants Campaign Group raised with our Council the need to call on the government to
reopen the 2012 ‘debt settlement’ because the amount of debt that each council was given
was based on an estimate of income completely out of line with what is actually being
collected. When they introduced ‘selffinancing’ the government gave itself the power to
“reopen the debt settlement”; in other words to change the debt payments if there was
some material change in the circumstances of councils.
The government document “Implementing self-financing” in reference to this power
stated
“This provision is necessary to protect both the government and local authorities from
being locked into a deal that, because of changes to policy affecting either a landlord’s
income or costs, no longer reflects a fair valuation and could have a material impact on
viability. It could be a major change in national rental policy…”
A “major change in national rental policy” is exactly what happened, twice. Councils are
“locked into a deal” which has a material impact on the viability of their HRAs.
The catastrophic events at Grenfell Tower underline the disastrous consequences of
underfunding council housing. Whilst the impact in many areas will not be so deadly, the
fact is that the current funding of council housing does not provide sufficient money to
maintain the standards and the living conditions of existing tenants never mind building
new council housing.
In November of last year Swindon Tenants Campaign Group produced a pamphlet,
“The case for cancelling council housing debt”, which explained the roots and the
consequences of this underfunding. This so-called debt was the result of creative
accountancy by central government, through which tenants have been fleeced for many
years by the Treasury. Cancellation of this debt would provide councils with hundreds of
millions of pounds extra each year for the maintenance of their stock and to a minor
degree for building new homes.
The Grenfell Tower fire demands a range of issues to be addressed, including
● weak and dangerous building regulations which allow combustible materials to be
used in cladding;
● the impact of cuts in the fire safety organisation of local Fire brigades which inspect
properties;
● the subcontracting culture which makes it difficult for council departments to keep a
tight control on what is being done.
But the question of underfunding council housing also needs addressing as a
matter of urgency because the sort of penny pinching which led to combustible material
being used in external cladding, and a questionably low budget for the work on Grenfell
Tower, is the result of the shortage of money which HRA’s have.
Our pamphlet (‘The Case for Cancelling Council Housing Debt’) was directed at the Labour
Party leadership. We called on them (sadly thus far without effect) to press the government to reopen the
debt settlement and to commit to cancelling the council housing debt if elected. Grenfell Tower underlines the
importance of this proposal without which the underfunding of council housing will have
negative consequences, in some cases potentially deadly ones.
One final point. If it proves necessary to replace the type of cladding used on Grenfell
Tower and other buildings, since it was legal to use such materials, then central
government should commit to funding it. Making council HRAs do so when they are
grossly underfunded would only lead to other important work being postponed.
Martin Wicks,
Secretary, Swindon Tenants Campaign Group
PS. The sort of priorities which the Kensington & Chelsea Council have can be seen when
you contrast the small sums of money involved which could have prevented the Grenfell
Tower catastrophe, with the decision of the ruling administration in 2014 to give some of its
richest occupants, according The Metro, those paying the highest band, a Council Tax
rebate of £100,
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